The commissioner of Major League Baseball is always in demand, which makes it hard, these days, to actually watch a game.
For years, this was not a problem: Rob Manfred knew the natural breaks in the action — those tedious, drawn-out, “just throw the ball already!” pauses — and could adjust his conversations accordingly. Now, after a sweeping set of rule changes, his personal clock is off.
“Most of the time, I’m in a suite and I’ve got somebody talking at me about something,” Manfred said late in spring training. “Prior to the change, the pace was such that you never really lost track of the game. But the first couple of games, I’m like, ‘Can you please let me watch?’ Because you miss stuff.”
M.L.B.’s regular season opens on Thursday, and Manfred, who is starting his ninth season as commissioner, may finally get the faster-paced product he has long considered essential to the future of the sport.
“This is the game we all want to see — get the ball, pitch the ball, keep the defense on their toes,” the actor Bryan Cranston says in a new M.L.B. commercial splicing current stars with the speed-and-defense icons Rickey Henderson and Ozzie Smith. “So get that shift outta here. Free up the players to put on a show!”
A slogan flashes at the end of the ad: “Three New Rules. More Great Action.”
The big changes, which come with the nuance typical of a complicated game, are the pitch clock, a ban on the infield shift and limits on pickoff throws. A result, the league hopes, will be crisper games packed with more hits, more stolen bases and more chances for players to use their athleticism, especially on defense.
There are various exceptions, but pitchers are expected to deliver a pitch every 15 seconds when the bases are empty and every 20 seconds when a runner is on base.Credit…Rebecca Noble for The New York Times
“I think fans are going to get today’s athletes, which are the best that have ever played the game, playing a game with the pace and rhythm that existed in the 1970s and ’80s, which to me is going to produce a form of the sport that no one has ever seen before,” said Morgan Sword, M.L.B.’s executive vice president for baseball operations. “I’m really excited about it.”
Baseball is hardly in crisis; the just-completed World Baseball Classic was a rousing success, and M.L.B. produced record revenues of nearly $11 billion in 2022. No other sport comes close to baseball’s volume of events — 81 home dates for each of 30 clubs, with an industry average of 26,566 fans per game, far more than the capacity of any N.B.A. or N.H.L. arena, despite having twice as many games.
Yet discounting the pandemic-influenced seasons of 2020 and 2021, attendance has fallen steadily since 2015, and last year’s average was the lowest since 1996, which had come in the wake of the 1994 strike. The sixth game of the last World Series, between Philadelphia and Houston, attracted 12.5 million viewers, the fewest ever for a decisive game in prime time.
What to Know About M.L.B.’s New Rules
All about action. Major League Baseball is implementing some of the biggest changes in the sport’s history in an effort to speed up the game and inject more activity. Here’s a look at some of the new rules taking effect this season:
Pitch clock. The biggest change is the creation of a pitch clock. Pitchers will have 15 seconds to begin their motion with the bases empty and 20 seconds with a runner on. If they don’t, they will be assessed a ball. Batters not in the box by the eight-second mark will receive a strike.
More pace-of-play changes. A pitcher is limited to two disengagements, such as a pickoff attempt or step-off, per plate appearance. A third will result in a balk. There will be a 30-second clock between batters and a 2-minute-15-second inning break during regular-season games.
Defensive shift ban. All four infielders must have both feet on the infield dirt or grass when the pitcher begins his motion, and each team must have two infielders on each side of second base. A violation results in a ball, or the batting team can let the play stand.
Bigger bases. With the goal of decreasing collisions at first base and stimulating more infield hits and stolen bases, all three bases were increased to 18 inches square from 15. That will reduce the distance between first and second base, and second and third, by 4.5 inches.
Why make these changes? Baseball has been criticized for having long games without enough action. In 2021, an average game set a record at 3 hours 11 minutes — the average was 2 hours 44 minutes in 1985. Hits per game were near historic lows while strikeouts were higher than ever.
Will the new rules work? M.L.B. found that the use of a pitch clock in the minors shortened the average game by 25 minutes. Overall, the league saw a slight increase in batting average, a larger one in stolen base attempts, a notable decrease in injuries and a smaller decrease in strikeouts.
Rule changes alone will not fix everything, and much of baseball’s quirky charm — the pitch-by-pitch rhythms, the absence of timed quarters or periods — will always remain. But it cannot hurt to have more stuff going on and less waiting around.
“Going up there when you’re hitting, you’ve just got to get up there and go,” said Manny Machado, the star third baseman for the San Diego Padres, who added that the adjustments would be worth it. “It’s going to be cool to see more offense, more first-to-third, more runs are probably going to be scored. But then you’re also going to see some pretty good defense.”
Pitchers have 15 seconds to start their delivery with the bases empty, and 20 seconds with a runner on base. Batters must be looking at the pitcher with eight seconds left on the clock; Machado failed to do this in the first exhibition game of spring training and was called for an automatic strike.
Yet that game, against the Seattle Mariners, was completed in 2 hours 29 minutes, and the average time of spring training games, through Wednesday, was 2:35 — 26 minutes faster than last spring. Stolen base attempts were up to 3.1 per 100 plate appearances, from 2.1, and so was the success rate, which was 77.2 percent compared with last year’s 71.3.
Before, pitchers had unlimited opportunities to pick runners off. Now, they can disengage from the rubber only twice per plate appearance; a third pickoff try, if unsuccessful, would result in a balk. And with bigger bases (18 inches square, from 15), the distance between first and second (and between second and third) is four and a half inches shorter than before.
“Putting aside pace of game — which obviously is going to be huge — I initially thought the shift would have the biggest impact because it’s going to lead to less efficient positioning of the defenders and therefore more balls getting through for hits,” Rick Hahn, the Chicago White Sox’ general manager, said about halfway through the exhibition schedule.
“But I’m starting to think it’s the bigger bases. We aren’t really known as a running team, and I think we’re like 13 for 16 this spring. So teams that aren’t necessarily viewed as having that as a big part of their arsenal, it’s going to be available to them on offense.”
In many ways, baseball is trying to reverse engineer the on-field impact of its information revolution. While data analysis has promoted more exciting plays in football (more passing, less punting) and basketball (more 3-pointers, fewer midrange jumpers), in baseball it has slowed the game down.
The analytics era had many hallmarks. Stolen bases were rarely seen to be worth the risk, even for the fastest players. Infielders were positioned in the most likely places that batters would hit the ball, costing left-handed hitters, especially, countless hits. And if a batter or pitcher needed a few extra seconds to gather his thoughts or recover from a high-stress fastball, he could do so as often as he liked. Anything to optimize performance.
The impact was staggering. By 2021, stolen bases had declined to 0.46 per game, a 50-year low. The leaguewide batting average fell to .243 last season, the lowest it had been since 1968. And the average time of a game stretched to 3 hours 11 minutes in 2021, the longest it had ever been.
“A lot of people think our job, as an industry, is to win games,” the Kansas City Royals infielder Matt Duffy, a seven-year veteran, said. “No. Our job is to entertain first. If the product as a whole is not entertaining, people aren’t going to come. When a ground ball is smoked at 110 miles an hour, everybody goes, ‘Oooh!’ as it goes through the infield — and then there’s a guy standing right there that they didn’t see, and it’s just another out. That’s not entertaining.
“It’s like, sorry, pitchers, but fans want to see base runners, they want to see first-to-third, they want to see triples, they want to see home runs. They don’t want to see strikeouts and nobody on base and 350 pitches thrown in a game.”
Teams must now keep two infielders on either side of second base, and infielders must keep both feet on the dirt as the pitch is thrown. Players could turn more grounders into outs with the shift in place, but few embraced the concept of playing out of position, which kept them from using their instincts and showing off their range.
“I hated when I used to have to move all the way to right field and then get a ground ball and throw the ball to first base like you’re throwing it to home plate,” said the White Sox’ Elvis Andrus, a 14-year veteran. “So I’m very comfortable just staying at second and I can concentrate on each play at second base. I think it’s going to be good for the game because now you have to play your position. You cannot cheat the system anymore. And I love to do my own homework and study hitters and their swings.”
Andrus was born in 1988, when the majors’ leading hitter (Boston’s Wade Boggs) batted .366 and the leading speedster (Henderson, then with the Yankees) swiped 93 bases. Last season, the overall batting leader, the Mets’ Jeff McNeil, hit .326. The major league leader in stolen bases, Miami’s Jon Berti, had 41. Expect both figures to rise.
“Just a few years ago, guys were leading the league in steals with 60-plus,” Berti said. “I don’t see why guys can’t get to that again.”
There is only one Henderson, of course, and attempting a steal still carries injury risk and extra physical demands. But the limits on pickoff throws should keep bodies fresher, and some executives are hopeful that shorter games will keep players healthier in the long run.
“The thing that doesn’t get talked about enough is the aggregate hours that players are going to be on their feet,” said Mike Hazen, the general manager of the Arizona Diamondbacks. “It’s far fewer hours, and that will improve — I hope — our injury situation and keep our better players on the field longer.”
Mike Chernoff, the Cleveland Guardians’ general manager, said pitchers may tire more easily with shorter breaks between pitches. Then again, said Jerry Dipoto, Seattle’s president for baseball operations, a quicker pace should make pitchers more effective.
“From a mental skills standpoint, it takes a little bit of time for the hitter to clear the optic recall of the last pitch,” Dipoto said. “And if you’re working fast enough, in theory, you’re just not giving the hitter enough of a chance to clear it. Hitters are used to their routines — one foot in, one foot out, they’re trying to take their breath and clear it out — and right now, they have to go.”
Dipoto, a former major league reliever, said that when he was at his best, he was working quickly. When his pace slowed, he said, he overanalyzed and struggled. Pitchers and hitters can still take a break — pitchers with the two disengagements, and hitters with one timeout per plate appearance — but mostly they will be forced to react in the moment, keeping the fans engaged.
Minor leaguers have been playing under various rule changes for years, and several former major leaguers, like Rajai Davis, Raúl Ibañez, Joe Martinez and C.C. Sabathia, have been working with Manfred to help ease the transition in the majors. While grumbling has been minimal, nobody wants to feel rushed.
“I’d say 90 percent of the time when I pick off, it’s when I come set and feel weird, or I’ve got a bad grip on the ball,” said Arizona’s Zac Gallen, whose 144 pickoff attempts led all pitchers last season. “So it was easier for me to just pivot to first base; very minimal effort. It’s going to be interesting, because everyone’s human out there. At some point on the mound, everyone’s had a negative thought, and you want to step off, clear that thought and then get back.”
There will be tweaks along the way; no one would be surprised if the league announces, late in the season, that the pitch clock rules will be relaxed in the ninth inning of postseason games. But the expectation is that players are skilled enough to quickly adapt, resurrecting a style of play that older fans remember and younger fans embrace.
“We think about how we first saw the game, where the players were positioned, how fast or slow they were, and this will be the new normal for a whole generation of kids and fans,” Detroit Tigers Manager A.J. Hinch said. “They will think of clocks and the speed of the game, if this enhances it — and hopefully they can get to a few more games if it’s not past their bedtime anymore.”
James Wagner contributed reporting.
