The Food and Drug Administration on Friday approved a new Alzheimer’s drug that may modestly slow the pace of cognitive decline early in the disease, but also carries risks of swelling and bleeding in the brain.
The approval of the drug, lecanemab, to be marketed as Leqembi, is likely to generate considerable interest from patients and physicians. Studies of the drug — an intravenous infusion administered every two weeks — suggest it is more promising than the scant number of other treatments available. Still, several Alzheimer’s experts said it was unclear from the medical evidence whether Leqembi could slow cognitive decline enough to be noticeable to patients.
Even a recent report of findings from a large 18-month clinical trial, published in the New England Journal of Medicine and co-written by scientists from the lead company making the drug, concluded that “longer trials are warranted to determine the efficacy and safety of lecanemab in early Alzheimer’s disease.”
Eisai, a Japanese pharmaceutical company, led the development and testing of the drug. It is partnering with the American company Biogen, maker of the controversial Alzheimer’s drug Aduhelm, for its commercialization and marketing, and the companies will split the profits equally.
Eisai said the list price for Leqembi (pronounced le-KEM-bee) would be $26,500 per year. The price is slightly lower than Aduhelm’s, but higher than that recommended by some analysts.
“Based on our draft results, that price would not meet typical cost-effectiveness thresholds,” said Dr. David Rind, the chief medical officer for the Institute for Clinical and Economic Review, an independent nonprofit organization that assesses the value of medicines. In a preliminary report last month, the institute said that to be cost-effective for patients, the price should be set between $8,500 and $20,600 a year.
“Given the large number of patients with Alzheimer’s disease, it is particularly important that new therapies be priced in line with their value to patients,” Dr. Rind said Friday.
In its decision, the F.D.A. appeared to be acknowledging the vehement criticism that erupted when it approved Aduhelm in 2021 after both a committee of independent advisers and an F.D.A. council of senior officials said there was not enough evidence that it worked.
Last week, an 18-month investigation by two congressional committees found that the approval process for Aduhelm was “rife with irregularities” and involved an unusually close collaboration with Biogen. In response, the F.D.A. said “the agency has already started implementing changes consistent with the committees’ recommendations.”
An F.D.A. official involved in the review of Leqembi said that “there were many important lessons learned” since the approval of Aduhelm.
The Controversy Surrounding the Aduhelm Alzheimer’s Drug
A troubled approval. Lecanemab is the second Alzheimer’s medication to be approved in nearly two decades. The first, Aduhelm, was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in June 2021 despite opposition from many experts, who cited data showing it wasn’t clear the drug worked and had serious safety risks.
An unproven drug. The F.D.A.’s independent advisory committee and a council of senior agency officials voted overwhelmingly that data failed to conclusively show that Aduhelm slowed cognitive decline. Still, the agency approved the drug. It required Biogen, the drug’s manufacturer, to conduct a new clinical trial, but gave Biogen more than eight years to complete it while allowing patients to use the drug before evidence from that trial is known.
Growing concerns. Questions about the approval, and whether the F.D.A. worked too closely with Biogen, prompted investigations by congressional committees and the Health and Human Services department’s inspector general. Major health systems, including the Cleveland Clinic and the Department of Veterans Affairs, declined to offer Aduhelm.
Medicare coverage. Citing Aduhelm’s uncertain benefit and safety risks, Medicare officials announced that the federal insurance program would sharply limit coverage of the drug to participants in clinical trials. A powerful Alzheimer’s advocacy group had pushed relentlessly for broad access.
Congressional inquiry. A18-month investigation initiated by two congressional committees found in December that the process for approving the drug was “rife with irregularities” and criticized Biogen for setting “an unjustifiably high price” of $56,000 a year for Aduhelm.
With Leqembi, the F.D.A. included narrower and more cautionary language on the drug label than it initially had with Aduhelm. (After an outcry from physicians and others, it changed the Aduhelm label a month after its approval.)
The Leqembi label says the drug should be used only for patients in early and mild stages of Alzheimer’s disease, matching the status of patients in the clinical trials of the drug. It instructs doctors not to treat patients without doing tests to confirm that they have one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer’s: a buildup of the protein amyloid, which Leqembi (like Aduhelm) attacks.
“In the case of Leqembi, more detail and clarity on the most appropriate patient population for use of the drug, and greater explanation around safety” for brain swelling, brain bleeding and use of blood thinners with the drug are “now included in the label,” said the official, who spoke on condition of anonymity to describe agency deliberations.
The official said the F.D.A. also requested more data on subgroups of patients characterized by age, gender, health status and other factors, and that it worked with the companies to include more diversity in the clinical trials. Participants in the Aduhelm clinical trials were overwhelmingly white, but in the Leqembi trials about 25 percent of United States participants were Black or Hispanic.
Ivan Cheung, the chairman and chief executive of Eisai’s United States operations, said in an interview that in discussing who should be eligible for the treatment, “we have worked very hard with the F.D.A. to narrow the population down to a very specific one, the same as the clinical trials.”
About 1.5 million of the six million people with Alzheimer’s in the United States are estimated to be in the beginning phases of the disease, with diagnoses of either mild cognitive impairment or early-stage Alzheimer’s. How many will be treated with Leqembi will depend significantly on whether Medicare covers the drug.
Last year, the federal Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services sharply limited Medicare coverage for Aduhelm, citing the treatment’s unclear benefit and safety risks and allowing payment only for participants in clinical trials. That meant very few patients could afford Aduhelm’s $28,800-a-year price tag, and the drug has effectively been sidelined from the marketplace.
If the agency determines that Leqembi has clearer evidence of helping patients, Medicare could cover it for all eligible patients and only impose a requirement that the patients’ experience be tracked.
Like Aduhelm’s label, Leqembi’s includes warnings about brain swelling and brain bleeding and notes that patients with a gene mutation that increases the risk of developing Alzheimer’s have a greater risk of brain swelling with the treatment.
Leqembi’s label also includes cautionary language about taking blood thinners while on the treatment, which has been raised as a concern with anti-amyloid drugs but was not addressed on Aduhelm’s label. “Additional caution should be exercised” when considering whether to give blood thinners to a Leqembi patient, the label says.
Concerns about safety have been stoked by news reports of the deaths of three patients who experienced brain swelling and brain bleeding, two of whom were being treated with blood thinners. Those patients participated in a large Phase 3 trial of the drug, during which they were not told whether they received it or a placebo. But their deaths occurred after that phase of the trial, when they were knowingly being treated with lecanemab in what’s known as an open-label extension study.
One case, the subject of a report this week in the New England Journal of Medicine, involved a 65-year-old woman who had a stroke and, after receiving a standard treatment for stroke-related blood clots known as t-PA, experienced serious brain bleeding and died a few days later. In an earlier article about the case in the journal Science, a neuropathologist who conducted an autopsy said he believed that Leqembi weakened her blood vessels and made them vulnerable to bursting when she received the blood clotting treatment.
In a published letter responding to the New England Journal of Medicine report, two researchers involved in Eisai’s Leqembi trial asserted that “t-PA appears to be the proximate cause of death,” not Leqembi, and noted that the woman had two copies of a gene mutation that increases brain swelling risk with anti-amyloid treatments. But, they said, “we agree that this case raises important management issues for patients with Alzheimer’s disease.”
Leqembi — the brand name, Mr. Cheung said, is based on “qembi” in Japanese, which “roughly translates into beautiful, healthy, elegant” — was greenlighted on Friday under a designation called “accelerated approval.” The F.D.A. can give accelerated approval to drugs with uncertain benefit if they are for serious diseases with few treatments and attack a biological element of the disease — in this case, the amyloid protein.
Accelerated approval was controversial for Aduhelm because the data involved was contradictory — one clinical trial had failed and another nearly identical trial showed only slight benefit — and because many Alzheimer’s experts said years of data had not shown that reducing amyloid slowed cognitive decline.
With Leqembi, many experts remain unconvinced that attacking amyloid can provide much noticeable benefit for Alzheimer’s patients. But they say the data is clearer and more consistent than with Aduhelm and may be related to the fact that Leqembi targets a different form of amyloid.
Leqembi’s accelerated approval was based on Phase 2 trial data, but in recent months data from a large Phase 3 trial has supported the earlier results and provided more information. The main positive outcome of that trial was that patients receiving Leqembi declined more slowly over 18 months — by less than half a point, 0.45, on an 18-point cognitive scale that assesses functions like memory and problem-solving — than patients receiving a placebo. (Patients on Leqembi declined by 1.21 points, while patients on placebo declined by 1.66 points.) That amounts to a 27 percent slower decline.
The Leqembi patients also declined more slowly on three secondary measures of cognition and daily function, and data on biological markers was generally stronger for Leqembi than for a placebo.
“From the perspective of a scientist, it is exciting that an experimental treatment targeting brain amyloid in Alzheimer’s disease appears to slow cognitive decline,” Dr. Madhav Thambisetty, a neurologist and a senior investigator at the National Institute on Aging, said about the Phase 3 trial results.
But Dr. Thambisetty, who was not speaking on behalf of the federal aging agency, added: “From the perspective of a physician caring for Alzheimer’s patients, the difference between lecanemab and placebo is well below what is considered to be a clinically meaningful treatment effect.”
In the Phase 3 trial, nearly 13 percent of patients receiving Leqembi experienced brain swelling, which was mild or moderate in most cases, while less than 2 percent of patients receiving the placebo experienced such swelling. Most brain swelling did not cause any symptoms and generally resolved within a few months. About 17 percent of Leqembi patients experienced brain bleeding, compared with 9 percent of patients receiving the placebo. The most common symptom from brain bleeds was dizziness, the study said.
The authors reported that “serious adverse events” occurred in 14 percent of Leqembi patients and 11 percent of those receiving a placebo. Nearly 7 percent of Leqembi patients dropped out of the trial because of negative side effects, more than twice the percentage of placebo recipients who dropped out.
Overall, results suggest the risk of brain bleeding and swelling was significantly lower than for patients in trials of Aduhelm.
Accelerated approval requires companies to conduct another clinical trial of a drug before full approval can be considered. Mr. Cheung said that, using the Phase 3 trial results, Eisai intends to quickly apply for full approval.
It is unclear whether Medicare will cover Leqembi while it has accelerated approval. Its decision limiting coverage of Aduhelm technically applies to Leqembi and other medications in the same class of drugs — monoclonal antibodies that attack amyloid — but the Medicare agency also said that it would be “nimble” and evaluate each new medication.
Full approval of Leqembi would make Medicare coverage likely, health economists say.
In the interview, citing the Medicare uncertainty, Mr. Cheung sought to lower expectations about how many patients might be prescribed Leqembi and how quickly they might start using it. He said that, even if Medicare ends up covering the drug, in three years “we estimate the number of individuals potentially on Leqembi is probably about 100,000 people.”
There are also still many unanswered questions about the drug. For example, Dr. Thambisetty noted, some data about the drug suggests that it can accelerate brain shrinkage, which should be investigated because it could be a sign that the pathology of the disease is worsening. Another question is whether patients with a condition called cerebral amyloid angiopathy, or C.A.A., should exercise caution about using Leqembi.
Dr. Michael Irizarry, senior vice president of clinical research for Eisai, said that, “since C.A.A. is ubiquitous” in Alzheimer’s, it made sense to allow patients to use Leqembi with appropriate monitoring because it was the anti-amyloid monoclonal antibody with the lowest rate of brain swelling and bleeding so far.
