The Federal Reserve is expected to deliver a third straight supersize interest rate increase this week as it wages its most aggressive fight against inflation since the 1980s — and it could signal even more to come.
Central bankers are widely expected to raise interest rates three-quarters of a percentage point at their meeting on Wednesday, and investors think there is even a small chance of a full percentage-point move.
But Wall Street is more focused on what comes next. Officials will release updated economic forecasts for the first time since June after their two-day meeting this week. Those are expected to show a more forceful path ahead for rates than Fed officials previously anticipated as rapid inflation continues to plague America. The question is just how much more assertive the Fed will be.
Central bankers have already raised interest rates considerably in an attempt to slow the economy and temper price increases. Business activity is slowing in response, but it is not falling off a cliff: Employers continue to hire, wages are rising, and inflation has remained stubbornly quick.
That has prompted officials to reinforce in speeches that they are serious about getting price increases under control, even if doing so comes at a cost to growth and the labor market. It’s an inflation-focused tone that many on Wall Street refer to as “hawkish.”
The economic projections could give policymakers the chance to underline that commitment.
“Things are not quite evolving as they had expected — they’re having trouble slowing the economy,” said Gennadiy Goldberg, a U.S. rates strategist at TD Securities. “At the end of the day, there is very little they can do this week but sound hawkish.”
Jerome H. Powell, the Fed chair, will hold a news conference after the release, and is likely to echo his pledge late last month to do what it takes to wrestle prices lower.
That could be a painful process, Mr. Powell has acknowledged. Higher interest rates temper inflation by making it more expensive to borrow money, discouraging both consumption and business expansions. That weighs on wage growth and can even push unemployment higher. Firms cannot charge as much in a slowing economy, and inflation cools down.
“While higher interest rates, slower growth and softer labor market conditions will bring down inflation, they will also bring some pain to households and businesses,” Mr. Powell said last month. He later added, “We will keep at it until we are confident the job is done.”
If the Fed continues raising rates along the trajectory that economists and investors increasingly expect, the fallout could be painful. In the early 1980s, the last time inflation was as high as it is today, the central bank under Paul A. Volcker jerked borrowing costs sharply higher and mired the economy in a recession that sent joblessness to double-digit levels. Homebuilders mailed Mr. Volcker two-by-fours from buildings they could not build; car dealers sent keys from cars they could not sell.
Inflation F.A.Q.
What is inflation? Inflation is a loss of purchasing power over time, meaning your dollar will not go as far tomorrow as it did today. It is typically expressed as the annual change in prices for everyday goods and services such as food, furniture, apparel, transportation and toys.
What causes inflation? It can be the result of rising consumer demand. But inflation can also rise and fall based on developments that have little to do with economic conditions, such as limited oil production and supply chain problems.
Is inflation bad? It depends on the circumstances. Fast price increases spell trouble, but moderate price gains can lead to higher wages and job growth.
How does inflation affect the poor? Inflation can be especially hard to shoulder for poor households because they spend a bigger chunk of their budgets on necessities like food, housing and gas.
Can inflation affect the stock market? Rapid inflation typically spells trouble for stocks. Financial assets in general have historically fared badly during inflation booms, while tangible assets like houses have held their value better.
This year’s rate increases are not as severe. The Fed has raised rates from near zero in March to a range of 2.25 to 2.5 percent, and this week’s expected move would take that to 3 to 3.25 percent. If the central bank raises rates as much as investors expect over the coming months, they will end the year well above 4 percent. In the 1980s, rates jumped to about 19 percent from 9 percent.
Still, four full percentage points of rate increases in 10 months would be the fastest policy adjustment since Mr. Volcker’s campaign — and while Fed policymakers have been hoping that they can let the economy down gently and without causing a painful recession, economists have warned that a benign outcome is less and less likely.
That central bank has emphasized that it has an obligation to get inflation back in check.
The Fed has two economic goals: maximum employment and stable inflation around 2 percent. While unemployment is currently very low, prices are increasing at more than three times the target rate based on the Fed’s preferred measure and remained stubbornly rapid and broad in August.
As inflation has lingered month after month, the Fed has repeatedly ramped up its response. If lifted rates a quarter point in March, a half point in May and three-quarters of a point at each of its past two meetings. Like investors, many economists think that a full percentage-point move is possible but not likely this week.
A big reason for raising rates quickly is to convince businesses and consumers that the central bank is committed to reining in rapid price increases. If workers begin to believe that inflation will last, they may push for higher wages to cover their costs, which employers then pass onto customers in the form of higher prices, setting off an upward spiral.
The Fed has recently received good news on that front: Inflation expectations have been edging down. That may be one reason the central bank will opt for a three-quarter-point move rather than a larger adjustment at this meeting, said Michael Feroli, chief U.S. economist at J.P. Morgan.
“This isn’t about managing psychology — this is about slowing economic activity, which can be done at a more methodical pace,” he said.
That’s why Wall Street is likely to be especially attuned to the Fed’s interest rate forecasts for the rest of 2022 and beyond.
Those projections are often called a “dot plot” because the release shows individual policymakers’ anonymous forecasts arrayed as blue dots on a graphical plot. Officials forecast in June that they would lift interest rates to 3.4 percent this year — a number they’ve nearly reached already, suggesting that the forecast is in for an upward revision.
They also projected that they would lift interest rates to 3.8 percent next year before bringing them back down. As inflation has lingered, economists have come to expect that peak rate to move higher.
Understand Inflation and How It Affects You
- Inflation Calculator: How you experience inflation can vary greatly depending on your spending habits. Answer these seven questions to estimate your personal inflation rate.
- Managing Your Finances: With interest rates rising, now is a good time to pay down credit card balances and bolster emergency savings.
- Cost of Living: As food prices rise, eating is becoming increasingly expensive. We took a close look at five New Yorkers’ food and drink habits to see where the effects are most felt.
- A New Playbook: As brands grapple with inflation, they are taking a new approach: being upfront about price increases, hoping that transparency will keep customers loyal.
The new level will send a signal about how forcefully the central bank is planning to clamp down on the economy. Fed officials want to adjust policy with enough vigor to bring inflation under control but without overdoing their rate moves and inflicting more pain on the economy than necessary.
Striking the correct balance could be tough. Fed policy takes time to trickle through the economy. While rate increases have already begun to weigh on the housing market and growth overall is beginning to slow, the full impact of the central bank’s recent moves could take time to be felt.
“The faster the Fed hikes rates, the less likely a soft landing becomes,” Mr. Goldberg said, because officials are not waiting to see how their moves play out. “It’s very much akin to realizing you missed your exit on the highway a mile back.”
Given that risk and how much rates have already moved this year, many economists expect that the Fed may soon want to slow down the increases.
Mr. Goldberg expects one more three-quarter-point move in November, then a pullback to a half-point move in December. Economists at Goldman Sachs wrote in a note this week that they expected the Fed to raise interest rates half a point at each of the next two meetings after this one, so that the federal funds rate will end the year in a range of 4 to 4.25 percent.
The slowdown will come “because the funds rate will be at a higher level, concern about overtightening will eventually rise, and the drop in consumer inflation expectations should reduce concern about unanchoring,” the Goldman economists wrote.
But officials have repeatedly signaled that even after they slow and eventually stop rate increases, they plan to leave borrowing costs at a high and economy-restricting level for some time.
“Monetary policy will need to be restrictive for some time to provide confidence that inflation is moving down to target,” Lael Brainard, the Fed’s vice chair, said in a recent speech.
Given that, central bankers may also pencil lower growth and higher unemployment into their economic forecasts this week, in an acknowledgment that their policies are likely to weigh on the economy.
Investors, who have at times doubted whether the Fed would really hurt the economy, have recently become more concerned about the rate policy and economic outlook. A grim set of projections could reassert to them how stern the central bank’s inflation fight has become.
“The market has taken them seriously,” said Subadra Rajappa, head of U.S. rates strategy at Société Générale. “The Fed has been as hawkish as they possibly can be.”
